"It's like in the old kampung days when you scoop water from a well. Many local governments now have laws that specify that water faucets, toilets, and showers only allow a certain amount of water flow per minute. In the next four weeks, water meter readings were taken biweekly, for another two rounds. Faucet – 10.9 gallons per person, per day. No, Is the Subject Area "Water resources" applicable to this article? Water-saving shower heads produce about 2 gallons per minute. Nor are we accounting for leaks in your toilet and faucets (you can check on how much water a leaking faucet wastes by using our handy Water Leak Calculator. +'?ID={ItemId}&List={ListId}'); return false;} if(pageid == 'audit') {STSNavigate(unescape(decodeURI('{SiteUrl}'))+ '/_layouts/15/itemexpiration.aspx' where Hi is a dummy variable indicating whether household i’s baseline water consumption is higher (Hi = 1) or lower (Hi = 0) than the median level baseline water consumption. Dishwasher – 1 gallon per person, per day. During this phase, eligible households (residential households of either Singaporeans or Permanent Residents) completed a survey questionnaire as well as consented to participate in a research regarding water consumption at home. This includes collection of rainwater, treatment of raw water and distribution of treated water to customers through an extensive network of water pipes throughout Singapore. After the recruitment, we collated the household address and size (number of people living in the flat) and carried out the randomization practice. The Integrated Water System Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from. Further, the heterogeneous treatment effect was evident, in the sense that high baseline users responded much more than low baseline users, which is consistent with literature. A counterpart of Model (3) is Fig 5 illustrates the difference in treatment effects by the two subgroups. To differentiate the overall treatment effect by treatment periods and post-treatment periods, we estimated the same model (1) in particular time frames: for all periods, for treatment periods t1 and t2, and for post-treatment periods t3 to t5. Fig 3 shows the difference-in-difference estimates of the overall treatment effect for each period. As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. Heavy investments in water infrastructure, coupled with rising operational costs, have made the increase in water price necessary. Are you interested in testing our corporate solutions? Are you surprised that the largest use of household water is to flush the toilet, and after that, to take showers and baths? All the households living in the blocks were visited, from top floor downwards, until the target number of households were achieved. Copyright: © 2019 Goette et al. A paid subscription is required for full access. Potable Water Price Yes a baseline usage, two treatment-phase usages and three post-treatment usages. F-test shows that there is no significant difference in the interaction effects across the experimental conditions. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The survey company also took an initial (first) water meter reading for all 1000 households in this span of two weeks. In total, eligible HDB households receive between $220 and $380 in U-Save rebates per year, which are automatically credited to their utilities account. Note: Each bar indicates the average change of LPCD within households in water use compared to the baseline period. How much water does it take to grow a hamburger? * All products require an annual contract; Prices do not include sales tax. One possible reason for the similar treatment effects might be the particular information in the feedback that was provided. The housing standard, estate management as well as transactions are strictly regulated by the government. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211891.g006. The gift link for this subscriber-only article has expired. Citation: Goette L, Leong C, Qian N (2019) Motivating household water conservation: A field experiment in Singapore. Every drop of used water is collected via a separate network of sewers and channelled to the water reclamation plants for treatment, after which it is further purified into NEWater or discharged into the sea. The observation can also be shown by the non-parametric estimation against the distribution of households according to the baseline consumption. We further investigate the behavior of the high baseline households. More recently, RCT works are extended to more tuned treatments and interaction of interventions, such as frequency of feedback/information provision, interaction of social comparison with existing conservation programs; various results are established on identifying the causal chanels as well as how more effective interventions can be designed [15–17].