The Obong of Calabar placed not only Calabar, but also the Efike and Ibibio (in the Peninsula) under the status of a British protectorate via a Treaty on 10 September 1884. The Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission, set up by the United Nations to peacefully resolve the border dispute between the two countries, will make its first field visit later this month to the contested Bakassi Peninsula. Such conflict situations typically take the form of territorial disputes over the possession of oil-laden border areas, factional struggles among the leaders of oil-rich countries, and major inter-state wars over the control of vital oil and mineral zones (Klare 2004). Konings, P. 2005. Those in control will seek to retain power for as long as possible, using heavy-handed repression and election rigging, while those excluded from power will have a powerful incentive to use any means necessary to gain control (including armed rebellion, terrorism, or coup d’état). Available from: <. Die Bakassi-Halbinsel liegt zwischen dem Cross-River-Ästuar im Westen, und dem Rio del Rey Ästuar im Osten die durch Kanäle miteinander verbunden sind. Organised by UNU-WIDER in collaboration with TIPS, AERC and DPRU/UCT. In other words, to get Germany’s cooperation not to threaten access to Calabar, Bakassi Peninsula was conceded by Britain. Receive latest updates, news and analysis from ACCORD, www.krepublishers.com/…/JSS-13-3-177-181-2006-346-Aghemelo-A-T-Text.pdf, www.nigerdeltacongress.com/narticles/nigeria_cameroun_and_the_unendin.htm, http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/africa/3401407.stm, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/15/AR2005101500498.html, http://nigeriaplanet.proboards43.com/index.cgi?board=article&action=display&thread=1126086422, http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/110802_1.shtml, www.icicemac.com/nouvelle/index.php3?nid=5614, acydfoundation.cfsites.org/files/conflict_transformation.pdf, http://www.globalpolicy.org/wldcourt/icj/2002/1011bakassi.htm, http://www.postmatchmagazine.com/files/bakassi_notes.pdf, www.american.edu/ted/ice/nigeria-cameroon.htm, http://www.un.org/events/tenstories/story.asp?storyID=900. The court claims over Bakassi began in 1994, with Nigeria and Cameroon each claiming an arc of water extending out from the peninsula in its respective favor. Messager 2008. UK travel restrictions: Which countries can I visit without quarantining? Ivorgba, E.E.A. This paper evaluated the implications of the Bakassi conflict settlement between Cameroon and Nigeria for sustainable peace and economic development. Despite speculation of vast crude reserves offshore, several existing oil wells in the waters impacted by the decision appear to be non-producing and there is little expectation of significant production from the disputed region in the near future. He stated, "[t]he identity of a people is not always the same as the identity of the territory they live on. On 14 August 2006 Nigeria effectively pulled out its military and the Cameroonian flag was hoisted. My home is another country. A five-year UN-backed transition period was put in place exempting the area's residents, many of them Nigerian fishermen, from paying tax. Aus: Cameroon Tribune (19. Bakassi: Projects worth CFAF 12 billion executed. In this agreement, Bakassi and the rest of what became known as ‘British Cameroons’ were placed under British mandate and administered coterminous with ‘Nigeria’ but not merged. These declarations were ratified and incorporated in an Exchange of Notes on 9 January 1931 between the French Ambassador in London and the British Foreign Minister. A few weeks later, following the signing of the Coker-Ngo line, Gowon discovered what had transpired. In particular, Cameroon can now valorise her oil deposits and promote modern fishing in the Peninsula, especially at a time when the country is reaping the fall-outs of the 2006 completion point of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative. Subsequent to the complete withdrawal of Nigerian authorities from the Bakassi Peninsula, oil resources have not been exploited in this area, yet the government of Cameroon and its development partners, especially the European Union through the European Development Fund and the French Development Agency, from 2007 to 2009, spent over CFAF 12 billion to execute some priority projects. 94, ICJ (Oct. 10, 2002).) (Case Concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary Between Cameroon and Nigeria, No. This will also help to discourage any social movements that may be nurturing the intention to instigate the Bakassi indigenous people to reject the peace dividends that they stand to gain from the implementation of the Green-tree Agreement. Only a small percentage of them live in Bakassi. Erst nach mehreren Treffen der jeweiligen Staatspräsidenten unter der Schirmherrschaft des UNO-Generalsekretärs Kofi Annan, bei denen auch die Bildung einer Bakassi-Kommission beschlossen wurde, übergab Nigeria im August 2006 die Bakassi-Halbinsel an Kamerun und zog seine rund 3000 Soldaten ab. Nigeria claimed that sovereignty of Bakassi was not a matter of oil or natural resources on land or in coastal waters, but rather the welfare and well-being of Nigerians on their land (Federal Republic of Nigeria 2002). It will be encouraging if the international community were to recognise and reward the remarkable level-headedness exercised by the two statesmen, Paul Biya and Olusegun Obasanjo, in the conflict resolution process, and subsequently also by President Yar’Adua of Nigeria. Major oil and mineral exploiting companies belong to this category. August 2008 wurde die Bakassi-Halbinsel unter strengen Sicherheitsvorkehrungen vollständig von Nigeria an Kamerun übergeben. Reflections on the possible socio-economic implications of the Bakassi conflict resolution are anchored on expenditure-reducing and expenditure-switching effects of peaceful settlements, wealth-generating effects of international credibility, cross-border activities enhanced by the new-found confidence and the need for accompanying measures. Available from: <. Conflict is as old as the history of mankind and therefore normal, natural and unavoidable, yet it can generate negative and very destructive impacts, as well as awareness, economic growth and development (Ivorgba 2005). On 14 August 2006, the Nigerian troops, in a solemn ceremony, peacefully withdrew from the Bakassi Peninsula, marking the climax of a long and meandering peace process that spanned a period of 12 years. There were 21 polling stations on the Bakassi Peninsula itself and about 73% of the people living there voted to ‘achieve independence by joining the independent Republic of Cameroun’ (Omoigui 2006).7. Comprehensive road map for the settlement of the Bakassi conflict: A letter from the Chairman of Southern Cameroons Peoples Organisation (SCAPO) to the Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan. London, iUniverse, Inc. In 1994, after serious incidents of border incursions that provoked shooting, and after many casualties and deaths of soldiers had been recorded on both sides, Cameroon submitted its entire set of border-related disputes with Nigeria to the International Court of Justice at The Hague for adjudication. Forbinake, N. 2008. A noted example is the visit of a Cameroon delegation to Nigeria in 1995 ‘in order to canvass support for Cameroon’s membership in the Commonwealth’ (Mbuh 2004: 2). Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 11.