[51] The Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras, and Pallavas were followers of Hinduism, though for a short while some of them seem to have embraced Jainism and later converted to Hinduism. ''. [79], The indigenous Veddhas of Sri Lanka have similar genetic profiles to Adivasi people of South India. A devotee, in respect, as , . These early kingdoms sponsored the growth of some of the oldest extant literature in Tamil. [133], Ancient Tamil grammatical works, Tolkappiyam; the ten anthologies, Pathupattu; and the eight anthologies, Ettuthogai shed light on early religion. In the Sri Lankan highlands the lands of the Sinhalese were seized by the British and Indian Tamils were settled there as plantation workers. [49][50] The king of Kalinga, Kharavela, who ruled around 150 BCE, is mentioned in the famous Hathigumpha inscription of the confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms that had existed for over 100 years. Tamils, with a population of around 76 million and with a documented history stretching back over 2,000 years, are one of the largest and oldest extant ethnolinguistic groups in the modern world. Download the m17n libraries and database sources from here, 3. Wils. 4. He then defeated Kopperunjinga, the Kadava chieftain, and turned him into a vassal. Vish nu who appears in the sacrifice, . [65] The Chola empire remained formidable during the reign of Kulottunga and maintained its influence over the various kingdoms of Southeast Asia like the Sri Vijaya empire. [44][46][47], Megalithic sarcophagus burial from Tamil Nadu, Virampatnam jewelry from funerary burial, 2nd century BCE, Tamil Nadu, Souttoukeny jewelry, 2nd century BCE Tamil Nadu, Map of ancient oceanic trade, and ports of Tamilakam. [38], Agriculture was important during this period, and there is evidence that networks of irrigation channels were built as early as the 3rd century BCE. [100] Upon the arrival of European powers from the 17th century, the Tamils' separate nation was described[by whom?] Due to independent lineage,[8][9][10] they are listed[8][10][11] as Moors by the Sri Lankan government. Unfortunetly Mac OS X doesn't ship with a Tamil keyboard layout by default, so you will have to use the Character Palette (1) or Unicode Hex Input (2). [23][24], It is unknown as to whether the term Thamizhar and its equivalents in Prakrit such as Damela, Dameda, Dhamila and Damila was a self designation or a term denoted by outsiders. Tamil film industry has its headquarters in Chennai and is known as Kollywood; it is the second largest film industry in India after Bollywood. Divine eyes. Alternative spelling of commander in chief. The planet saturn- malignant in its influence, . [164], The most important Tamil festivals are Pongal, a harvest festival that occurs in mid-January, and Varudapirappu, the Tamil New Year, which occurs on 14 April. Mattu Vandy Elgai Panthayam (Reckla Race): Gadgil, M. & Joshi, N.V. & Shambu Prasad, U.V. ISIS binaries can be downloaded from here. 指揮官 noun. 2. War was regarded as an honorable sacrifice and fallen heroes and kings were worshiped in the form of a hero stone. Tamil Dictionary definitions for Commander. The Tamil people, also known as Tamilar, Thamizhar (Tamil: தமிழர், tamiẓhar (singular) ? Flowery speech, ornamented discourse. Army, troops, . file available in the following link. 2. Muslims across Tamil Nadu follow Hanafi and Shafi'i schools while the Tamil Muslims in Sri Lanka follow the Shadhili school. [121] By the 1990s, most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship. [154] Atheist, rationalist, and humanist philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities.[155]. [29], Possible evidence indicating the earliest presence of Tamil people in modern-day Tamil Nadu are the megalithic urn burials, dating from around 1500 BCE and onwards, which have been discovered at various locations in Tamil Nadu, notably in Adichanallur in Thoothukudi District[30][31][32] which conform to the descriptions of funerals in classical Tamil literature. [162] It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory. [85] Potsherds with early Tamil writing from the 2nd century BCE have been found in excavations in north of the Sri Lanka in Poonagari, bearing several inscriptions including a clan name – vela, a name related to velir from ancient Tamil country.